# Topic: Knowledge

Errors in using evidence or information outside the scope in which it was established, such as applying group-level statistics to individuals or transferring findings across incompatible contexts.

| Fallacy | Trigger – look for … |
| ------- | -------------------- |
| **[Epistemic fallacy](/check/knowledge/epistemic_fallacy.md)** |  *Knowledge* (or its absence) is equated with *existence*: “we have no evidence for X, therefore X does not exist” – or only what is measurable/knowable is regarded as real, and the limits of knowledge are treated as the limits of reality. |
| **[Argument from ignorance](/check/knowledge/ignorance.md)** |  A conclusion about a claim's *truth or existence* is drawn from the *absence of evidence* for or against it – i.e., the *burden of proof* is reversed (e.g., "no one has disproven X, so X is true"; "no one has proven X, so X is false"; "no complaints, so all is well"). |
| **[Ecological fallacy](/check/knowledge/ecological_fallacy.md)** |  A *statistical indicator* (average, rate, share) valid for a *group or population as a whole* is transferred to a *lower level* (subgroup or individual) – as if the group-level figure applied to the parts. |



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